Two Nation Theory

Services of Hazrat Mujadid Alf Sani

Hazrat Mujadid Alif Sani was a great Muslim saint and mystic of the Naqshbandia order. He challenged the might of Akbar, the great Mughal emperor, to re-establish to glory of Islam which had been gravely threatened by the anti-Islamic trends of Akbar.

Services of Hazrat Mujadid Alf Sani (Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi)  for the revival of Islam in the Sub-Continent

Hazrat Mujadid Alif Sani was a great Muslim saint and mystic of the Naqshbandia  order. He challenged the might of Akbar, the great Mughal emperor, to re-establish to glory of Islam which had been gravely threatened by the anti-Islamic trends of Akbar. 

Brief Introduction of Hazrat Mujadid Alf Sani

Hazrat Mujadid Alf Sani, whose real name was Sheikh Ahmad title name was  baddrudin a descendant of the second pious Caliph Hazrat Umar Ibn Al Khatab for which he  was also referred as Farooqi. He was a prominent disciple of Khawaja Baqi Billah, an  eminent saint of the Naqshabandia spiritual order. Sheikh Ahmad was drawn into mysticism  by his father. Sheikh Abd-al-Ahad, a prominent Sufi and scholar.

He received Khilafat from  his father in the Chishtiya and Suhurwrdiya spiritual orders. He is popularly known as  Mujadid-i-Afli-i-Sani (Receiver of Islam during the second Millenium). Sheikh Ahmad was  born on June 26, 1564 at Sirhind, the Capital of Eastern Punjab during Mughal rule. 

Early Education

He received education under the most prominent and learned teachers at Sialkot and  Sirhind. He memorized the Holy Quran and then switched over to the study of Hadith, Tafsir  (commentary) and Ma’qual (philosophy). He travelled from place to place to benefit from the renowned scholars. During his wandering to quench his thirst for the mystical knowledge he came into contact with the leading lights of Akbar’s court Abu-al-Fazl and Faizi. When Abu al-Fazl and Faizi learnt of his brilliance and extraordinary mystical insight, they tried to draw him into the Court of Akbar. However, Sheikh Ahmad’s connection with the celebrated brothers Abu-al-Fazl and Faizi did not prolong because of Abu-al-Fazl’s un-Islamic trends.  Sheikh Ahmad wrote his famous book, Isbat-un-Nabuwwat (affirmation of prophethood) in which he gave an excellent explanation of the prophethood. 

RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL SERVICES When Sheikh Ahmad began his reform movement Akbar was ruling the sub-continent  and his anti-Islamic outlook had aggravated the social environs. Akbar had no leanings  towards Islamic principles and tenets. He promoted Hinduism by marrying Hindu ladies and  by allowing free access to the Rajputs and Hindus in his court. He also appointed Hindu  Rajputs on higher civil and military positions.

1. Opposition of Din-i-Ilahi:

The introduction of Din-i-Ilahi by Akbar was a grave attempt to distort Islam. He assumed the title of Mujadid-i-Azam and Imam-i-Adil and issued orders pertaining to the religious matters which were to be considered as authentic and final. The impact of Din-i Ilahi greatly affected Muslim beliefs and trends. It split the Muslim society into several factions and promoted heretic attitudes and practices.

2. Social Reorms:

At that time Muslim society was ridden with un-Islamic practices and trends. Under  the Hindu influence, a firm and widespread belief in Karamat (miracles of the saints) had  developed in the society which greatly misguided the innocent people. In Sufism many means  of developing magical and supernatural powers, alien to Islam, had been developed. 

3. Reforms in Tasawaf(Spirituality):

The mystics and Sufis of those days openly denied the authenticity of Sharia by  declaring Sharia (the law of Islam) as superficial and external. They even proudly manifested  their indifference towards the Sunnah or Examples of the Prophet (peace be upon him). The  ulema and theologians ceased to refer to the Quran and Hadith in their commentaries and  considered jurisprudence as the only religious knowledge. By these trends the religious spirit  excessively diminished and gave rise to the juristic view of Islam.

4. Purgation of Muslim Society:

Sheikh Ahmad undertook the job of purifying the Muslim society of un-Islamic  tendencies by sending a number of his disciples in all directions to preach the true Islam. He  asked them the emphasis on (Ittibat-i-Sunnah) following the examples of the Holy Prophet  (peace be upon him), and the commandments of Sharia in their sermons and preaching’s. The  work was vigorously pursued in India and other neighbouring Muslim countries. Sheikh  Ahmad also began a correspondence with the prominent scholars of all Muslim countries. In  his letters he explained the religious doctrines and put great stress on the Ittibat-i-Sunnah.

5. Struggle Against Atheism:

Sheikh Ahmad was greatly opposed to the atheism and openly denounced un-Islamic  society. He worked very hard to restore the original teachings of Islam and emphasized on the  concept of Tauheed. He exposed the fallacy of Din-i-Illahi and came out with full vigour to  curb the influence of this satanic creed. He urged the Muslim to order their lives according to  the principles of Islam. He declared that mysticism without Shariat was misleading and  denounced those Ulema who had questioned the authority of Sharia.

6. Reformation of Nobles:

Sheikh Ahmad stressed on the Muslims to revert to the purer Islam by giving up  heretical customs and practices. He laboured diligently to settle the differences between the  scholoars and the mystics. He initiated the leading nobles near the emperor into his  discipleship and through them exerted an influence to bring about a change in the life of the  Court. He was able to enlist Abdur Rahim Khan-e-Khana, Khan-i-Azam Mirza Aziz and  Mufti Sardar Jehan, the most influential personalities of Akbar’s era into his discipleship. He  also persuaded the great men of Jehangir’s period to take an oath of Allegiance at Sheikh  Ahmad’s hands. In the time of Jehangir Sheikh Ahmad was successful to a greater extent to  extract a solemn undertaking from the Muslims that they would not obey any orders  repugnant to Islam. Sheikh Ahmad adopted an effective method of persuasion by writing  letters to the leading nobles of the royal court. He began addressing letters written in a  language, which would move mountains, to leading nobles of the state, bemoaning the sad  state in which Islam had fallen in India, and reminding them of their duty. His letters are  known as Muktubat-e-Imam Rabbani and were addressed to, besides other leading nobles,  Sheikh Farid, Khan-i-Azam, Sadr-i-Jehan and Abdur Rahim Khan-e-Khana.

7. Emphasis on Islamic Values:

Sheikh Ahmad persuaded the Muslims to adopt simple habits in life and to strictly  adhere to Namaz. He also explained the utility of Fasting and declared that fasting protects  the mankind from many sins. His efforts contributed a great deal towards the popularity of  Islam in the sub-continent.

8. Two Nation Theory:

Sheikh Ahmad was a staunch advocate of the separateness of the Muslims and desired  to maintain the distinctive image of the Muslim Nationalism. He laid great emphasis on the  separate identity of the Muslims and adopted a very stern attitude against the Hindus. Sheikh  Ahmad firmly believed in Two-Nation Theory. He was in favour of maintaining the  differences between Hindus and Muslims. He wanted Jizya to be re-imposed on Hindus and  demanded the destruction of Hindu temples.

9. Wahdat-ul-Wajud and Wahdat-ul-Shahud

The philosophy of Wahdat-ul-Wajud was presented by some Sufis of Akbar’s time.  They believed that the entire Universe is the symbol of Almighty God and a source of revelation of God’s sovereignty. The advocates of Wahdat-ul-Wajud believed that there was no living difference between the Man and his creator God and both individual and God are not separated from each other. They also believed that every particle of the universe represented the presence of God and, therefore, the worship of God’s creature amounted to the worship of God. Sheikh Ahmad openly negated this philosophy and declared it as ultra vires to the principles of Islam. He presented his philosophy of Wahdat-ul-Shahud which meant that the creator and creatures were two different and separate entitles.

10. Struggle Against Jehangir’s Policies: 

Sheikh Ahmad also dealt with matters, other than religious revival in his letters. This  policy drew him into serious difficulties. Asif Jah, the Prime Minister of Jehangir’s court  alerted Jehangir of the mounting popularity of Sheikh Ahmad by inciting the Emperor that  Sheikh Ahmad’s anti-Hindu views were creating unrest in the country. Jehangir summoned  Sheikh Ahmad to his court and asked him to explain his statements. Sheikh Ahmad appeared  in the royal court in a highly dignified manner and explained his statements in a courageous  style. Someone pointed out to Jehangir that Sheikh had not performed that act of Prostrations.  When he was asked to perform Sajdah was only due to Almighty God. Jehangir, infuriated  over this blunt reply ordered the Sheikh to be imprisoned in the Fort of Gawaliar.

11. Struggle during Imprisonment:

Sheikh Ahmad did not shirk his preaching of Islam during his imprisonment. After  two years, Jehangir feeling repentful, released him from the fort and venerated him with a  dress of Honour and 1000 rupees for his expenses. He was given the option of going back to  Sirhind or remains in the royal court. Sheikh Ahmad preferred to stay in the royal court. In  order to popularize Islam a number of Muslim reformers and revivers adopted a liberal point  of view in their preaching so that a large number of people could be attracted toward Islam.  They, however, were successful to a great extent, but at the same time this liberal approach  gave rise to the concept of joint nationalism. This trend proved injurious to the separate and  distinct national image of the Muslims.

12. The Influence of Sheikh Ahmad’s Efforts

The efforts of Sheikh Ahmad to purify the religious and practical life of the Muslims  left an indelible impact on the history of Muslim India. Allama Iqbal poet-philosopher of the  East has paid rich tributes to Sheikh Ahmad in one of his poems for refusing to perform the

act of prostration before the emperor. Allama Iqbal considers him as the spiritual guardian  of the Muslims of India. His movement for the cause of Islam gave a new life to the Muslims  and is regarded as the call back of Muhammad, which left far-reaching impact in religious  and practical fields.

13. Death

After living for three years with the emperor Jehangir, Hazrat Mujadid sought  permission to leave for Sirhind. He passed away on December 10, 1024 A.D. and was buried  in Sirhind.

Conclusion:

Sheikh Ahmad, till the last breath of his life continued with the propagation of Islam.  He drew a distinction between Islam and atheism. He considerably prevailed upon Jehangir to  alter his religious view and abandon his father’s religious policies. Jehangir under the  influence of Mujadi’s preaching, order Khutaba (holy sermon) to be recited and cow  slaughter to be carried out as required by Islamic principles, Jehangir also agreed to the  construction of a big mosque on the advice of Mujadid. 

 Hazrat Mujadid Alf Sani was the most powerful religious personality in the history  of India. He was a widely read scholar and a magnetic orator. He got an opportunity in a  liberal atmosphere in Jehangir’s reign to use his powerful pen to denounce Akbar’s religious  innovations. Mujadid Alf Sani was the only individual in the history of India who opposed  Akbar and thereby invited his wrath. He is considered as the pioneer of Muslim Self-assertion  by denouncing un-Islamic practices. In short Hazrat Mujadid-e-Alafsani checked the pressure of non Islamic customs,  converted a great number of Hindus to Islam, provided pure Islamic teachings and eradicated  the wrong ideas of so called Mystics. We can say that he was the first person who understood  the Hindu amalgamation in Islam and purified it.

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